This article discusses some of the main features and key topics of the research presented at the conference in Rome on 16–17 April 2024, on which this volume is based. These include, in particular, the cross-cutting nature of this research, which results from the relevance of the interaction between human vulnerability with artificial intelligence for numerous social areas and fields of law and the interaction of legal doctrine with both informatics and social sciences according to the interplay of technological and social aspects in this topic. On this basis, attention is initially focused on defining the role of artificial intelligence between the autonomy attributed to it with the concept of ‘autonomous system’ on the one hand and the functional descriptions under the concept of ‘agency’ on the other (including the associated legal issues such as the problem of legal subjectivity, the application of principles of representation or the adaptation of the doctrines of defects of will to the use of artificial intelligence as a ‘tool’ in the conclusion of contracts). From this starting point, the tension between the concept of autonomy with regard to artificial intelligence and the autonomy of the individual person and their vulnerability to artificial intelligence is considered. Among other things, emotional vulnerability and—with regard to the example of medicine—the potential impact of artificial intelligence in terms of both vulnerability and healing are also included. Finally, the focus is on the task of developing concrete proposals in further research on how legislation and case law can remedy digital vulnerability.