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Simulation models are crucial to study systems that are essential in technical applications. However, such models require time to build and they are costly. The established simulation model needs to reveal a fast convergence and must run a long time without a failure due to a shortage of memory. This paper presents a mathematical model of a four-quadrant DC chopper (FQDC) for electric cars (EC) in regenerative and resistive braking modes. The established simulation model offers fast convergence and long simulation duration without failure. Physics based, transfer function and state space models are adopted to simplify and solve linear differential equations to establish the simulation model. To verify the mathematical model, the experimental results will be compared. The mathematical model is tested using the MATLAB/Simulink software, and the simulation and experimental results show that the model can represent the braking modes of the proposed FQDC chopper operations.

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Series Motor Four Quadrants DC Chopper for Economical Electric Vehicle: Modeling and Simulation of the Braking Operation

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Norhalimatul Sadiah Kamaruddin,
  • Amir Shauqee Abdul Rahman,
  • Muhammad Sazali Said,
  • Saharul Arof,
  • Philip Mawby,
  • H. Arof,
  • Emilia Noorsal

摘要

Simulation models are crucial to study systems that are essential in technical applications. However, such models require time to build and they are costly. The established simulation model needs to reveal a fast convergence and must run a long time without a failure due to a shortage of memory. This paper presents a mathematical model of a four-quadrant DC chopper (FQDC) for electric cars (EC) in regenerative and resistive braking modes. The established simulation model offers fast convergence and long simulation duration without failure. Physics based, transfer function and state space models are adopted to simplify and solve linear differential equations to establish the simulation model. To verify the mathematical model, the experimental results will be compared. The mathematical model is tested using the MATLAB/Simulink software, and the simulation and experimental results show that the model can represent the braking modes of the proposed FQDC chopper operations.