Climate change poses significant threats to human health, particularly in densely populated metropolitan areas like Patna, India. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of health vulnerabilities associated with climate change in Patna and identifies effective local strategies to enhance the city’s resilience. An interdisciplinary approach, integrating public health, environmental science, and urban planning, is employed. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the study incorporates Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) analysis, Land Surface Temperature (LST) analysis, rainfall pattern analysis, and isochrone mapping. LULC analysis reveals changes in land use over the decades while LST analysis identifies temperature variations across the region. Rainfall pattern analysis explores shifts in precipitation, offering insights into flood risks and water management challenges. Isochrone mapping assesses access to critical services during extreme weather events. Recommendations include increasing green spaces, improving stormwater and sanitation management, and enhancing healthcare accessibility. The study highlights the city’s vulnerability to extreme weather, vector-borne diseases, and disproportionate effects on vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and low-income areas. By integrating GIS-based analyses into urban planning, this research presents a framework for climate resilience, offering actionable recommendations to inform policymaking, urban planning, and public health interventions, ultimately improving Patna’s capacity to adapt to climate change and safeguard its residents’ health.