Climate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, significantly impacts forest ecosystems, which cover 31% of the world's land and are vital for biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon sequestration. Rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, extreme weather events, and elevated CO2 levels disrupt forest health, composition, and distribution. These changes lead to ecological impacts like phenological shifts, species range shifts, increased pest infestations, and biodiversity loss, altering ecosystem services. Temperature increases cause earlier leaf-out and shift species ranges, affecting forest composition. Altered precipitation patterns induce water stress and flooding, impacting tree health and soil stability. Extreme weather events like storms and wildfires cause significant physical damage. Elevated CO2 levels enhance photosynthesis but shift competitive dynamics among species. Socio-economically, communities relying on forests face disruptions in livelihoods and the forestry industry, leading to economic risks. The cultural and recreational values of forests are also threatened. Mitigation and adaptation strategies include sustainable forestry practices, reforestation, conservation efforts, effective policy integration, and financial incentives like carbon credits. This chapter discusses the research and monitoring done so far to enhance forest resilience and protect biodiversity through these strategies can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on forests, ensuring they continue to provide essential services and support communities dependent on them.