In the first half of the twentieth century, science fiction introduced the concept of artificially intelligent robots to the public. It all began with the humanoid robot that portrayed Maria in Fritz Lang’s Metropolis in 1927 and continued with the “heartless heart” of the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz, directed by Victor Fleming in 1939. By the 1950s, a generation of scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers had culturally assimilated the concept of “intelligent machines”. Among them was Alan Turing, a brilliant British thinker who, in addition to his groundbreaking work on Enigma, the machine that enabled the decryption of German messages during World War II (Copeland 2024), was a true pioneer in exploring the mathematical foundations of artificial intelligence. Turing proposed a fundamental question: if humans use information and reason to solve problems and make decisions, why couldn’t machines do the same? This logical framework formed the basis of his 1950 paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, published in Mind (Turing, 1950). In this article, Turing famously asked: Can machines think? However, he noted that before answering, it was first necessary to define precisely what is meant by machine and thinking.