Empirical Analysis of NPLs Through Case Studies of Commercial Banks from the UK, India, and Ireland
摘要
This chapter conducts a micro-level performance assessment of the banks and examines the strategies adopted to manage and mitigate risk effectively. Such analysis is crucial for informing policymakers and regulators to create targeted interventions addressing the root causes of financial instability. By scrutinising and comparing contrasting case studies, this chapter explores risk identification, management approaches, and resolution strategies employed by leading financial institutions in the UK, India, and Ireland—represented respectively by Lloyds Banking Group (LBG), Bank of Ireland Group (BIG), and Punjab National Bank (PNB). LBG and BIG focused on implementing a comprehensive, multi-layered risk appetite framework that addressed various risk categories, including credit, market, operational, and business risks. This framework included establishing oversight committees and adopting a “three lines of defense” model, which delineated clear responsibilities across business lines, risk divisions, and internal audit functions. In contrast, PNB concentrated on the micro-level management of non-performing loans (NPLs). This included geo-tagging field-level staff to monitor activities and locations and facilitating better tracking and resolution efforts through integration with SASTRA (an advanced tool). Additionally, PNB enhanced its monitoring by integrating its Pride App with SASTRA, enabling more effective follow-ups and control over NPLs. These policy-level initiatives resulted in notable progress in reducing non-performing assets. This chapter also evaluates the financial performance and asset quality of these institutions from 2008 onward—a period marked by the global financial crisis (GFC), the COVID-19 pandemic, and various geopolitical challenges. Through this comprehensive analysis, the chapter aims to highlight the adaptive strategies and innovations in risk management that contributed to resilience and stability in the face of crises.