The shift towards a circular bioeconomy necessitates efficient resource utilization and sustainable energy solutions. Microbial biohydrogen production from biowaste presents a promising approach, utilizing the metabolic capabilities of specific microbial consortia to convert into hydrogen gas, a clean and renewable energy source from the organic wastes. This study investigates the potential of various biowaste substrates, including agricultural residues, food waste, and wastewater sludge, for biohydrogen production. Food waste from urban areas can be effectively processed by anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium butyricum through dark fermentation, yielding significant hydrogen output. Key microbial species and consortia involved in both dark fermentation and photo-fermentation processes are evaluated for their hydrogen yield efficiency. Optimizing operational variables including substrate concentration, temperature and pH, is critical for maximizing production efficiency. Integrating microbial biohydrogen production into existing waste management systems offers the dual benefits of waste reduction and energy recovery, adhering to circular bioeconomy principles. This chapter synthesizes recent advancements, identifies challenges, and outlines future prospects in microbial biohydrogen production, emphasizing its potential to contribute to sustainable energy solutions and waste valorisation.