Between 1711 and 1769, more than 200 million cattle in Western Europe succumbed to a variety of diseases. A growing international cattle trade ensured that pandemics became transnational epidemiological and ecological crises. Chapter 4 begins by examining depictions of cattle plague in treatises about the 1720 bubonic plague at Marseilles, which was preceded by widespread outbreaks of cattle disease; these texts include Richard Bradley’s The plague at Marseilles considered, with remarks upon the plague in general, shewing its causes and nature of infection (1721) and Nathaniel Hodges’s updated Loimologia, or an historical account of the plague in London in 1665 (1720). All consider at length possible relationships between mass cattle die-offs and human disease. The works of Daniel Defoe, by contrast, exhibit a deep anxiety about meat and meat markets, especially meat imported from the Eurasian steppes. With their huge herds of horses, sheep, cattle, and camels, the steppes began in the seventeenth century to occupy the geo-pathological position formerly represented by a presumably noxious Nile Delta. I examine reports of what was probably anthrax in travel writers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, linking those to Defoe’s derogatory comments about “Tartars” in his plague writings, and to Crusoe’s dramatic attack on the Tartar “idol” Cham Chi-Thaungu in Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719).