France has hundreds of thousands of hectares of vineyards, being considered one of the world’s largest producers of grapes and wine. However, its production results in tons of grapevine prune waste. Burning this waste produces high amounts of greenhouse emissions while crushing and disposing of it in the soil can spread diseases to the vineyards. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new alternatives for the material’s application. A potential application of this material is as aggregate in bio-based concretes. This type of concrete is commonly known to have interesting thermoacoustic insulating and humidity regulation properties. However, there are still challenges to overcome before commercial application. The main ones are the presence of components which affect the binder’s hardening, such as phenols and sugars, and the aggregate’s high-water absorption compared to conventional mineral aggregate, which can affect the mixing/casting (associated to rheology) and strength gain of concretes. Therefore, as a preliminary step for the development of vine shoot concrete, this study aims to investigate the influence of varying effective water and aggregate water contents, considering the aggregates absorption, on the rheological and compressive strength characteristics of vine shoot concretes. The findings indicate that pre-saturation of the aggregates resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in compressive strength for the different water contents tested. Also, a reduction in mixing energy and more homogeneous concretes were observed. In addition, higher total water contents resulted in lower maximum torques, apparent viscosity, mixing energy and compressive strength.