Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns have been widely utilized in the field of ocean construction in recent years, while the degradation induced by localized pitting corrosion is becoming increasingly prominent. Considering their random nature in terms of the distribution patterns and the geometric characteristics of corrosion pits, refined finite element analysis models are developed in the authors’ recent studies, which take into account the strain rate effects on concrete and steel materials. Comprehensive investigations are then presented on the static and lateral impact behaviour of CFST with no corrosion, uniform corrosion, and localized pitting corrosion. The obtained analytical results reveal that the influence of localized pitting corrosion damage can be categorized as the stress concentration around the corrosion pits along the steel tube, the increased susceptibility to local buckling of the steel tube, the weakened confinement towards concrete, together with the reduction in the bearing capacity and energy absorption. On this basis, an extended parametric study is carried out to determine the key parameters of pitted CFST. Finally, simplified design models for the residual strength prediction are introduced through modifying the methods in existing design standards.