Hepatobiliary cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastases, can occur in uremic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or acute kidney injury (AKI). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of cancer. In patients on long-term dialysis, liver cancer incidence is higher. HCC is the most common liver cancer in uremic patients, with shared risk factors for both HCC and CKD. The surgical management of these patients is complex due to their fragile condition, compounded by cirrhosis and renal dysfunction. Liver resection and locoregional therapies like radiofrequency and microwave ablation are surgical options. Combined sequential liver-kidney transplantation can be considered in selected patients. While ESRD negatively impacts postoperative outcomes, careful patient selection and management can lead to comparable survival rates in uremic patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgery. For cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastases, chemotherapy-induced renal impairment and surgical risks must be carefully evaluated.