Abdominal pain, specifically of the right lower quadrant (RLQ), is a very common complaint. Physicians in the primary care setting as well as the emergency room need to be well-versed in the variety of diagnoses that can present with this nonspecific complaint. It is important to thoroughly evaluate and triage patients complaining of RLQ pain because, although it may be a benign symptomatology, it could also be the presentation of a surgical emergency necessitating urgent referral and operative intervention. This chapter is an overview of common conditions that present with RLQ abdominal pain, the necessary findings for confirmatory diagnosis, ancillary testing needed, and when surgical referral should be made.