Female Hate Crime Offenders: The Theoretical and Policy Implications of an Under-Researched Phenomenon
摘要
While contemporary perceptions of the typical hate crime offender largely evoke images of disgruntled, young, white men acting alone—or with other young men—recent research has shown that women engage in bias-motivated offending more frequently than is commonly assumed. This chapter describes the current state of research on female hate crime offending in the United States, including the extent of female hate crime perpetration, and differences in female-involved hate crime, compared to male-perpetrated hate crime. This chapter also discusses the importance of intersectionality and the distinct implications of these patterns for existing theoretical explanations for hate crime.