The mercury (Hg) used in artisanal mining, being volatile, enters the oral and respiratory routes, in addition to promoting bacteria with antibiotic resistance, bioremediation, and health risk, for which native Hg-resistant bacteria were identified from the tailings of the Rinconada mining area (Cerro Lunar de Oro, district of Ananea, Puno) and evaluated the public health status of its 39 inhabitants through a correlational descriptive study, where bacterial enrichment from 500 g of tailings in 7 points (6 soil, 1 water, r = 2) was performed in LB, peptone, AN, and TSA; isolation in MC, AS, MS, and EMB; the differentiation of Gram-negative in TSI, LIA, CS, urea, and SIM, and that of Gram-positive by catalase, coagulase, and peroxidase, being verified in the Vitek 2.0 system. An inverse correlation was found between bacterial growth and [Hg] (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.75 ppm) for 5 Gram-negative species (Chromobacterium violaceum, ρ = −0.87; Klebsiella spp., ρ = −0.71, Pseudomonas spp., ρ = −0.71; Citrobacter spp., ρ = −0.71, and Escherichia coli, ρ =−0.71) and a Gram-positive (Staphylococcus spp., ρ =−0.99), highlighting C. violaceum (resistant to 0.75 ppm); while in public health, 95% were men (p < 0.05), aged 37.5 years (33%), mining occupation (90%), residence <10 years (51.3%), Andean ethnicity (72%, p < 0.05) and clinical picture of hyperpigmentation (38%), respiratory dysfunction (8%), and anxiety (8%) (p < 0.05). It is concluded that C. violaceum is the most resistant to Hg (≤0.75 ppm), and that hyperpigmentation is probably related to Hg deposition in the skin, which should be implemented with treatment technologies, bioremediation, and blood and environmental monitoring.