The central hypothesis of the article is that first RNAs at the origin of life have leaved traces in RNAs and genes of present cells. A circular RNA called AL (for Ancestral Loop) has been found which could have been one of these ancestral structures with vestigial pentameric subsequences marking the evolution of the living organisms. In particular, it is proposed that, in the nucleotide sequences of RNAs (ribosomal or messenger) playing an important role in the metabolism of current cells, there are traces of primitive structures in form of pentamers (five-nucleotide motifs in RNA) belonging both to RNA ring AL and to these nucleotide sequences, whose analysis is essential for understanding genetic functions and evolutionary biology. The AL-Codon-Counter program based on pentamer counting efficiently detects pentamer patterns within RNA sequences by utilizing multithreading and multiprocessing. This tool allows researchers to analyze large datasets without the need for high-performance computing, running on standard hardware. The program generates customizable reports in various formats and provides insights into pentamer distributions, offering applications in evolutionary biology, and genetic disease research. One of the results obtained can be summarized in the existence of a gradient of occurrence of such pentamers, ranging from a high frequency for the most vital functions (in decreasing order, protein synthesis, nucleic synthesis, cell respiration and division, etc.) at low frequency for those which are less vital (cytoskeleton or cell motility protein mRNAs). This gradient is also visible between organisms, from the oldest (Archaea) to the most recent (Eukaryotes) in evolution of species. In the near future, numerous genomes belonging to all domains (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota) will be processed and ranked according to their proximity to the primordial RNAs, thus generalizing the present approach, to see if the observed pentamer gradient is conserved.

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The AL-Codon-Counter Program: An Advanced Tool for Pentamer Analysis in RNA Sequences and Evolutionary Insights

  • Houssem Ben Khalfallah,
  • Mariem Jelassi,
  • Mustapha Rachdi,
  • Jacques Demongeot

摘要

The central hypothesis of the article is that first RNAs at the origin of life have leaved traces in RNAs and genes of present cells. A circular RNA called AL (for Ancestral Loop) has been found which could have been one of these ancestral structures with vestigial pentameric subsequences marking the evolution of the living organisms. In particular, it is proposed that, in the nucleotide sequences of RNAs (ribosomal or messenger) playing an important role in the metabolism of current cells, there are traces of primitive structures in form of pentamers (five-nucleotide motifs in RNA) belonging both to RNA ring AL and to these nucleotide sequences, whose analysis is essential for understanding genetic functions and evolutionary biology. The AL-Codon-Counter program based on pentamer counting efficiently detects pentamer patterns within RNA sequences by utilizing multithreading and multiprocessing. This tool allows researchers to analyze large datasets without the need for high-performance computing, running on standard hardware. The program generates customizable reports in various formats and provides insights into pentamer distributions, offering applications in evolutionary biology, and genetic disease research. One of the results obtained can be summarized in the existence of a gradient of occurrence of such pentamers, ranging from a high frequency for the most vital functions (in decreasing order, protein synthesis, nucleic synthesis, cell respiration and division, etc.) at low frequency for those which are less vital (cytoskeleton or cell motility protein mRNAs). This gradient is also visible between organisms, from the oldest (Archaea) to the most recent (Eukaryotes) in evolution of species. In the near future, numerous genomes belonging to all domains (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota) will be processed and ranked according to their proximity to the primordial RNAs, thus generalizing the present approach, to see if the observed pentamer gradient is conserved.