Microplastics (MPs) are a major environmental problem in the world’s oceans, and their presence in the Indian continent as a well-known emerging contaminant has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The chapter provides a detailed overview of India’s geographical, demographic, and environmental attributes. India is the seventh largest country in the world, with diverse physical features, from the Indian Ocean to the Himalayas. It is the most populated country, recently surpassing China, and comprises multiple states and territories with varying population densities. The country is also characterized by numerous ecosystems, including terrestrial and marine biogeographic regions. The growing issue of plastic pollution globally and in India, emphasizing the shortcomings in existing policies to manage the increasing plastic waste. India is a major producer and consumer of plastics, contributing significantly to the global plastic waste problem. Overall, India’s ecological and environmental challenges are intertwined with its demographic and industrial growth, requiring comprehensive policy interventions to address issues such as population pressure and plastic pollution.