The purpose of this chapter is to update health lifestyle theory and in the process illustrate the importance of Pierre Bourdieu’s contributions to sociological research on this topic. Bourdieu never published work on health or medical sociology, yet many of his ideas, especially his concepts of habitus and various forms of capital (e.g., social, cultural), are increasingly utilized to provide theoretical models in health-related research (see, for example, Abel & Frohlich, 2011; Carpiano, 2006; Christensen, 2011; Cockerham, 2005, 2018, 2021a, b, 2025). The merit of his perspective is that it fully (perhaps overly in some instances) acknowledges the important role structure has in shaping and often determining human social behavior, including lifestyles. This return to a more structurally-aware approach comes decades after the demise of structural-functionalism and the ascendancy of agency-oriented theories in medical sociology and sociology generally (Cockerham, 2021a, b, 2025; Mouzelis, 2008; Smelser, 1997).