The Maritime Border with Cyprus: A Post-2020 Reconfiguration of the European Agenda of Externalisation
摘要
In this last chapter, I point to a shift in externalisation rationale and discourses after 2020, in a context where the economic crisis, border restrictions brought about by the global pandemic, and lack of foreseeable alternatives in Syria and Lebanon have elicited departures. These policy dynamics have evolved from being mainly concerned with preventing Syrian departures to hindering migratory movements from the Lebanese population as well. The shift was also territorial: after focusing on the fluid borderlands between Lebanon and Syria, externalisation logics and rationales have crystallised attention on the 225-km maritime border, transforming it from a relatively neglected area to a priority one and the locus of international media attention. This chapter has been mainly written from secondary sources as most of my field research took place before 2023. I chose to dedicate this last brief chapter to post-2020 externalisation dynamics as I contend that these constitute both a continuation of previous externalisation logics and a departure from them. Those externalisation trends manifest in different ways: through increasing media attention on irregular departures from the sea border; efforts deployed by Cypriot authorities to enforce the existing repatriation agreement, trigger international support to manage irregular migration, and carry return operations and illegal pushbacks to Lebanon; the new phase of the IBM project; and finally, the May 2024 deal between the EU and Lebanon aiming to both support the population and contain migratory flows (raising multiple human-rights concerns).