This study explores the leadership styles and patterns of male and female school principals in Oman. A quantitative research approach was employed using a cross-sectional web-based survey. The sample consisted of 42 school principals (26 women and 16 men) working in middle and high schools. The questionnaire used a five-point Likert scale to assess leadership behaviors. The results indicate that Omani school principals, regardless of gender, employ a mix of leadership styles with a moderate overall level (mean score of 3.37 out of 5). The highest rated leadership behavior was encouraging teamwork and collaboration, while the lowest was using rewards to motivate staff. No statistically significant differences were found in leadership styles between male and female principals. However, educational level had a significant impact, suggesting advanced education may be more influential than gender in shaping leadership approaches. The findings support equal leadership opportunities for women in education, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 5. Women principals were overrepresented in the sample despite Oman’s traditionally patriarchal society, possibly indicating progress in women’s access to educational leadership positions. The results should be interpreted within Oman’s unique cultural context. Limitations include the small sample size and reliance on self-reported data. Future research could employ larger samples, mixed methods, and examine contextual factors influencing leadership styles. This study challenges assumptions about gender differences in leadership and highlights the importance of equal opportunities and education in developing effective school leaders in Oman.