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In the middle of the twentieth century, the restructuring of the world production system, linked to the market and hydrocarbon transformation, brought about a new surge in the manufacturing industry in many Global South countries, along with some industrial development. The petrochemical industries in Argentina and Mexico grew at three different times: the first was in the 1950s and 1960s when the import substitution model was solidified; the second was in 1970 when the nationalist plan created petrochemical complexes; and the third was in the 1990s when markets were deregulated, privatized, and denationalized. The petrochemical complexes in Altamira in Mexico and Bahía Blanca in Argentina belong to the two aforementioned moments. Their origin is in the modernizing atmosphere rooted in economic and political nationalism, which placed the big development hope in the hands of state-owned enterprises PEMEX and YPF. However, a few decades later, the government would deliver the development of the petrochemical industry and its production to private capital, foreign and local. Now, the oil and gas industry is investing heavily in petrochemicals with a view to a 100% clean energy and zero emissions policy. Being opportunistic, the petrochemical industry needs access to five elements that allow it to produce anywhere on the planet. These elements are water, electricity, hydrocarbon ducts (which guarantee raw material), communications routes (focusing on ports that allow for fast export), and lax and weak legislation on foreign investment, taxes, and environmental protection. To observe the environmental and urban impact produced by the development of the petrochemical industry in peripheral cities, this chapter proposes a historical review of two case studies: the Tampico-Madero metropolitan zone and the city of Bahía Blanca. Through a bibliographical, cartographical, and archival review, the objective is to understand the severe effects of petrochemical megacomplexes on the environment and the land set in a geographical-historical system of continued exploitation.

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The Impacts of the Petrochemical Industry in Latin America: The Argentinian and Mexican Case

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Reina Loredo-Cansino

摘要

In the middle of the twentieth century, the restructuring of the world production system, linked to the market and hydrocarbon transformation, brought about a new surge in the manufacturing industry in many Global South countries, along with some industrial development. The petrochemical industries in Argentina and Mexico grew at three different times: the first was in the 1950s and 1960s when the import substitution model was solidified; the second was in 1970 when the nationalist plan created petrochemical complexes; and the third was in the 1990s when markets were deregulated, privatized, and denationalized. The petrochemical complexes in Altamira in Mexico and Bahía Blanca in Argentina belong to the two aforementioned moments. Their origin is in the modernizing atmosphere rooted in economic and political nationalism, which placed the big development hope in the hands of state-owned enterprises PEMEX and YPF. However, a few decades later, the government would deliver the development of the petrochemical industry and its production to private capital, foreign and local. Now, the oil and gas industry is investing heavily in petrochemicals with a view to a 100% clean energy and zero emissions policy. Being opportunistic, the petrochemical industry needs access to five elements that allow it to produce anywhere on the planet. These elements are water, electricity, hydrocarbon ducts (which guarantee raw material), communications routes (focusing on ports that allow for fast export), and lax and weak legislation on foreign investment, taxes, and environmental protection. To observe the environmental and urban impact produced by the development of the petrochemical industry in peripheral cities, this chapter proposes a historical review of two case studies: the Tampico-Madero metropolitan zone and the city of Bahía Blanca. Through a bibliographical, cartographical, and archival review, the objective is to understand the severe effects of petrochemical megacomplexes on the environment and the land set in a geographical-historical system of continued exploitation.