The maintenance and repair of these pipelines are crucial for ensuring a continuous supply of energy and for protecting marine ecosystems from potential leaks and environmental harm (Popineau et al. in Subsea pipeline repair by composite system. OnePetro, 2012 [1]). This highlights the critical nature of submarine pipeline repair, which demands a careful balance of engineering expertise and environmental stewardship. The challenges presented by the underwater environment, such as high pressures, corrosive conditions, and isolated locations, call for the development and implementation of advanced repair techniques that surpass those used for onshore pipelines (Andersen and Misund in J Petrol Technol 35, 709–717, 1983 [2]).