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Climate change endangers heritage sites globally, particularly in Pakistan, ranking among the top ten countries most affected by its consequences. The low adaptation capacity to cope with climate change-related flooding events in Pakistan enhances the risk to endangered archaeological sites along the Indus River. The risk assessment to archaeological sites and monuments caused by the 2022 Pakistan floods remains limited. This study presents an integrated approach relying on remote sensing data (Sentinel-2 imagery) and field surveys to evaluate the impact of flood on severely affected UNESCO-recognized and unrecognized heritage sites. In this work, using digital tools and remote sensing data products with the provision of replication at other sites offer an opportunity for the local end-users to assess damage in post-disaster mapping. This study contributes to the decision-making regarding the official state of conservation reports, as well as national and international legislations aimed at assessing and preserving heritage sites due to the extreme events in the developing world.

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Endangered Cultural Heritage Sites in the Era of Changing Climate: Lessons Learnt from Pakistan’s 2022 Floods Using Satellite Data and Field Observations

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Muhammad Younis Khan,
  • Sher Muhammad,
  • Federico Zaina,
  • Shahid Naeem,
  • Deodato Tapete

摘要

Climate change endangers heritage sites globally, particularly in Pakistan, ranking among the top ten countries most affected by its consequences. The low adaptation capacity to cope with climate change-related flooding events in Pakistan enhances the risk to endangered archaeological sites along the Indus River. The risk assessment to archaeological sites and monuments caused by the 2022 Pakistan floods remains limited. This study presents an integrated approach relying on remote sensing data (Sentinel-2 imagery) and field surveys to evaluate the impact of flood on severely affected UNESCO-recognized and unrecognized heritage sites. In this work, using digital tools and remote sensing data products with the provision of replication at other sites offer an opportunity for the local end-users to assess damage in post-disaster mapping. This study contributes to the decision-making regarding the official state of conservation reports, as well as national and international legislations aimed at assessing and preserving heritage sites due to the extreme events in the developing world.