Kalimantan hosts a wealth of endemic fruit species with both cultural and ecological value. Unfortunately, the rich potential of fruit plants is overshadowed by the looming threat of extinction, driven by a substantial decline in their populations. The overarching goal of this article is to provide scientific information on the botanical diversity, cultural significance, challenges, and conservation strategies pertinent to selected fruit plants found in Kalimantan. Kalimantan boasts a remarkable diversity, with approximately 130 species of fruit plants spanning several genera, including Artocarpus, Baccaurea, Citrus, Durio, Garcinia, Mangifera, and Nephelium. Fruit plants in Kalimantan serve as more than just botanical specimens, but they are living symbols of the region’s cultural heritage as well as sources of materials for crafting musical instruments and construction purposes. Despite their importance, these plants face severe threats, including deforestation, habitat loss, and shifts in consumption preferences. Conservation efforts in Kalimantan must be multifaceted, combining identification and documentation of fruit plants, habitat protection, community engagement, sustainable land use practices, policy and legislation, and research collaboration. Through partnerships fostered under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Program, Kalimantan can access broader networks of research collaboration and policy development, ensuring that conservation strategies are well-informed and effectively implemented.