Coastal Versus Inland Flanders: Regional Wage Formation for Agricultural Day Labourers in the Eighteenth Century
摘要
This chapter contributes to recent research exploring the wage determination processes underlying the wage series that have informed debates in social and economic history for over a century. This analysis of payments to day labourers recorded in farm accounts from eighteenth-century Flanders highlights that regional differences permeated all aspects of wage formation. While inland farmers increasingly and almost exclusively paid their workers by the day, coastal farmers continued to prefer piece work. Secondly, farm accounts illustrate how the level of wages was influenced by regional and even local employment opportunities. The resulting regional wage differential fluctuated alongside the seasonal demand for labour. The prevalent sexual division of agricultural labour strongly limited women’s earning potential, though more in inland than in coastal Flanders. The provision of meals by employers during the workday also varied regionally for men, but women never arranged their own food in return for higher wages. In-kind remuneration was common in inland Flanders, where reciprocal exchange of goods and services characterised the relations between farmer and labourer. Cash was preferred in coastal Flanders, with its more formal labour relations. Overall, these cases highlight the complexities of wage formation and the importance of the regional context as explanatory variable.