Using Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory of Human Development, this chapter aims to reflect on the role of interactions (proximal processes) among family members in the development of children and adolescents who have experienced pre-adoption violence. Specifically, we discuss: (a) macrosystemic aspects related to children’s rights and the regulation of alternative care and adoption; (b) the association between pre-adoption adverse experiences, child development, and interactions in the adoptive family that can mitigate the impacts of violence; and (c) the applications of the bioecological theory in research aimed at understanding the development of adopted children with a history of adversity. We present some characteristics of adoptive families as potential protective factors for adopted children and adolescents, mitigating the outcomes of dysfunctional development and promoting healthy development. Research in the field should underpin interventions and public policies aimed at the post-adoption period, helping adopters to understand the behavioral and developmental challenges of children and adolescents who have faced adversities, as well as to exercise effective adoptive parenting.