Pediculosis is an infestation of lice, blood-feeding ectoparasitic insects. Head lice, due to Pediculus humanus var. capitis, is very frequent in children, whereas pubic lice, due to Pthirus pubis, in children usually affects the margin of the scalp and the eyelashes (phthiriasis palpebrarum). In both cases, dermatoscopy unequivocally shows the presence of the lice and nits fixed to the hair shaft. It is possible to differentiate between vital nits appearing as ovoid, brown structures with a convex extremity and empty nits, appearing as ovoid, translucent structures with flat free endings. Moreover, dermatoscopy allows to differentiate nits from pseudonits, conditions that mimic pediculosis, such as hair casts, debris of hair spray or gel, and scales of seborrheic dermatitis or other scaling conditions.