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In the 1970s when I studied welfare states, the Scandinavian countries stood out as the archetypes—states committed to achieving equal societies through centralised planning, social interventions and the redistribution of resources. Not surprisingly, given such foundations, these countries were at the forefront of reforms for people with intellectual disabilities. In the 1980’s, inspired by the ideology of Normalisation that sought a life as close to normal as possible for people with intellectual disabilities, the Scandinavian countries began to close the institutions that symbolised their segregation and exclusion from society. Norway and Sweden led the world as the first countries to close all institutions (1995 and 2003 respectively), replacing them with small group homes and community services.

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Progressing Beyond Institutional Closure to a Good Life for People with Intellectual Disabilities: Reflecting on the Nordic Countries

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  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Christine Bigby

摘要

In the 1970s when I studied welfare states, the Scandinavian countries stood out as the archetypes—states committed to achieving equal societies through centralised planning, social interventions and the redistribution of resources. Not surprisingly, given such foundations, these countries were at the forefront of reforms for people with intellectual disabilities. In the 1980’s, inspired by the ideology of Normalisation that sought a life as close to normal as possible for people with intellectual disabilities, the Scandinavian countries began to close the institutions that symbolised their segregation and exclusion from society. Norway and Sweden led the world as the first countries to close all institutions (1995 and 2003 respectively), replacing them with small group homes and community services.