Energy carriers, especially if produced from various renewables resources, are essential to addressing the climate crisis. As a result, this chapter provides a succinct, systems-level evaluation of the highly reliable storage, delivery, and transportation of low-carbon energy. It begins by grounding the conversation in recent IPCC conclusions that connect rapid wind, solar, and other renewable energy scale-up to profound decarbonization. The story then goes over the working principles, maturity, and cost trajectories of the five classic storage families: mechanical, thermal, magnetic/electromagnetic, electrochemical, and chemical. The focus then turns to transportation infrastructures, including high-voltage grids, pipelines for gas and liquid fuels, overland and maritime logistics, and new alternatives. In light of this, important carriers such as electricity, hydrogen, ammonia, advanced biofuels, and synthetic hydrocarbons are benchmarked for performance and sustainability characteristics. An examination of boil-off gas in liquefied carriers and mitigation techniques that maintain energy value and reduce emissions round out the chapter.

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Introduction

  • Mohammed Al-Breiki,
  • Yusuf Bicer

摘要

Energy carriers, especially if produced from various renewables resources, are essential to addressing the climate crisis. As a result, this chapter provides a succinct, systems-level evaluation of the highly reliable storage, delivery, and transportation of low-carbon energy. It begins by grounding the conversation in recent IPCC conclusions that connect rapid wind, solar, and other renewable energy scale-up to profound decarbonization. The story then goes over the working principles, maturity, and cost trajectories of the five classic storage families: mechanical, thermal, magnetic/electromagnetic, electrochemical, and chemical. The focus then turns to transportation infrastructures, including high-voltage grids, pipelines for gas and liquid fuels, overland and maritime logistics, and new alternatives. In light of this, important carriers such as electricity, hydrogen, ammonia, advanced biofuels, and synthetic hydrocarbons are benchmarked for performance and sustainability characteristics. An examination of boil-off gas in liquefied carriers and mitigation techniques that maintain energy value and reduce emissions round out the chapter.