Economic, Sociocultural and Political Transnationalism
摘要
This chapter explores migrant transnationalism in different areas of life, focusing on economic, socio-cultural and political transnationalism. It starts by looking at economic transnationalism, especially the importance of remittances—how and why they are sent, including digital and reverse remittances, and their effects on families and communities. Text boxes expand on the hawala system, transnational entrepreneurship, and the role of remittance costs in the Sustainable Development Goals. It then turns to sociocultural transnationalism, focusing on social relationships, traditions, and ideas shared across countries. It discusses the concept of social remittances, as well as transnational families and care. Finally, the chapter examines political transnationalism, including diaspora policies, voting from abroad, and dual citizenship. By connecting micro- and macro-level dynamics, it highlights how migrants’ transnational engagements shape and are shaped by broader structures across multiple domains.