The Risâle-i Tedbîr-i ‘Umrân-ı Mülkî is the earliest known Ottoman work on political economy, preserved in the Austrian State Library. Written in the 1830s, it synthesises Khaldunian thought with modern European political economy, addressing military reforms, state intervention, and demographic issues. Engaging with the ideas of Quesnay, Hume, Say, Malthus, and Smith, the author also advocates for state intervention and economic nationalism, reflecting a mercantilist perspective. Implicitly responding to Ibn Khaldun’s theory of inevitable state decline, the text expresses optimism that strategic policies could ensure prosperity and survival. As a key attempt at Ottoman modernisation amid global changes, it bridges traditional and modern approaches. Though its authorship remains uncertain, the treatise stands as a foundational work in Ottoman political economy, offering valuable insights into the empire’s adaptation strategies and intellectual engagement with Western thought.