Cotton, a cellulose-based fibre, is the most commonly used natural fibre in the textile industry. Its well-known chemical structure with numerous hydroxyl groups enable cotton fibre to be highly absorbent and easily dyeable with several types of synthetic dyes, where large quantities of dyestuff and auxiliaries consumed with resulting toxic effluent. The environment and health issues, arising from synthetic dyestuff utilization during the colouration process of textiles, recently proximite to natural dyes. Even though natural dyes stand out in their environmentally friendly characteristics, they have significant challenges of poor adsorption and poor fastness properties in comparison with synthetic dyes on cellulose-based textiles. Radiation technologies, such as plasma treatment, microwave technology, ultraviolet irradiation, ultrasound technology, and infrared radiation, have been proven to possess not only the potential to enhance the colour and fastness properties of cellulose-based textiles, but also the tendency to reduce required energy, water, and chemical consumption during process. In this regard, combining these technologies with natural dyestuff use would be a promising alternative method to the conventional textile dyeing process, paving the way for the transition to sustainable textile dyeing processes. In the literature, it is revealed that irradiation technologies have been used not only on the fabric surface but also in the powder and extract of natural dyestuff in cotton dyeing process. Several types of natural dyes, such as curcumin, harmala seeds, cocklebur, Acacia catechu, Acacia cyanophylla, marigold flower, haar singhar flower, green tea, coffee extract, pomegranate rinds, and insect-based dye, cochineal have been utilized to dye cotton fabrics with irradiation technologies. On the other hand, various process-related parameters are of great importance in the efficiency of radiation technologies in the natural dyeing of cotton. This chapter delves into the principles of radiation technologies for textile surface treatment, with particular attention to cotton fabric applications. Additionally, a comparative study on the effects of the proses-related parameters on colour and fastness properties as well as other attributes such as antibacterial activity and UV protection is presented.