In areas with known or potential water contamination, consumers often prefer to treat their tap water at the household level primarily due to concerns about water quality. Household water treatment (HWT) methods range from point-of-entry to point-of-use options. Examples include simple boiling or straining to more advanced systems that remove a broader range of contaminants. In this chapter, the factors influencing households’ adoption of water treatment methods are first discussed. Their adoption depends on personal preferences, affordability, health considerations and existing water quality issues. This chapter investigates the intricate relationship between public perceptions regarding the adoption of HWT options and Artificial Intelligence (AI) specifically utilizing Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). By employing SEM to analyse data collected from surveys and interviews, this research aims to understand the complex interplay of factors influencing public acceptance of HWT technologies. SEM is an umbrella term which combines multiple regression, factor analysis and path analysis to model complex relationships between observed and latent variables, and it is better suited for cognition or psychological analysis. This chapter presents an overview on the use of SEM for different applications in water and wastewater management. A questionnaire was prepared after conducting a pilot-scale study, and a survey was carried out among 100 respondents in the city of Surat, India. Results of the study indicate that source of water, past experiences (health risks), water quality, affordability, efficiency and information source for method play a significant role in HWT adoption decisions. Key determinants identified using SEM include water quality, source of water supply and past experiences of the residents, with water quality having a stronger association with adoption decisions than the source of water supply and past experiences. Understanding these determinants is crucial for developing effective policies and interventions to ensure safe and affordable water supply, thereby improving public health and reducing burden of waterborne diseases.