Introduced into the environment through both natural processes and anthropogenically, arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that causes major maladies including cancer. Declared a Group I human carcinogen by the IARC, the WHO has established a 10 μg/L limit for inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Concentrations beyond this level have, however, been found in more than 50 nations, endangering over 200 million people in notably economically impoverished areas. Currently deployed arsenic removal techniques such as chemical precipitation and ion exchange rely on infrastructure and are prohibitively costly. Low-cost, economically viable adsorbents from minerals, industrial waste, and biomass are under investigation as a sustainable substitute for their efficacy. Recent developments improve these materials by means of metal-doped oxides, nanocomposites, and bio-based additives. Promising low-cost adsorbents, their adsorption capacity, and future use for reducing arsenic contamination are investigated in this chapter.