Over 200 million people globally are at risk due to increased amounts of arsenic present in drinking water sources in both industrialized and developing nations. The traditional method of removing arsenic from contaminated water is adsorption. Arsenic absorption was traditionally accomplished using materials such as activated charcoal, ion exchange resins, and membrane filtering methods. Although these materials work more effectively, they have several significant disadvantages, including high initial costs, ongoing expenses, and maintenance needs. The implementation of low-cost materials is a pragmatic and cost-effective approach to address this pervasive issue, presenting a strong substitute for costly traditional techniques. Agronomic waste, industrial wastes, natural minerals, and low-cost synthetic adsorbents are among the materials studied. Evaluation of the regeneration potential, kinetics, and adsorption capacity of each material is based on current research. This chapter explores the physicochemical characteristics of surface area, pore size, and functional groups that promote arsenic absorption. It also covers practical concerns such as cost, availability, and environmental effect, and investigates changes to enhance adsorption efficacy. This chapter looks at a critical evaluation of different adsorbents to help choose and optimize low-cost materials for arsenic removal in water treatment, with a focus on scalable and sustainable methods to reduce arsenic pollution.