This chapter explores critical threats to sustainable agriculture, highlighting the adverse impacts of nutrient imbalance, salinization and sodification, soil sealing and land take, and the loss of soil biodiversity. These issues threaten not only agricultural productivity but also environmental health and ecosystem integrity. It emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable land management practices that enhance soil health and promote agricultural resilience. The chapter advocates for a holistic approach, integrating strategies such as improved irrigation and fertilization methods, responsible land use planning, and biodiversity conservation to mitigate these threats. Recognizing and addressing these challenges is essential for ensuring food security and sustainability in a rapidly changing global landscape.