Growth and integrity of neurons are critical in proper physiological development and functions. Malfunction or abnormal development of neurons causes neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. This could be linked to various genetic and environmental factors. Neurodegenerative diseases, marked by irreversible neuronal damage, myelin loss, and gliosis, present substantial challenges for the aging global population. This is becoming more challenging in terms of the cost of health care and social responsibility. Diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis are associated with neuronal dysfunction, chronic neuroinflammation, and eventual cell death. At present, there are very limited solutions in terms of diagnosis and therapy. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and discover novel therapeutics. While peptide and protein-based pathological mechanism have been extensively studied, emerging research emphasizes the pivotal role of noncoding RNAs, in disease pathogenesis. Here, we emphasize the functions and implications of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are associated with neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, delving into their involvement in mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic factors, and neurovascular interactions. This chapter aims to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical applications, highlighting the potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.