Globally, herbicides constitute about 47% of the crop protection market. Frequent and non-judicial use leads to residues, persistence, phytotoxicity, and adverse consequences on subsequent crops, non-target organisms, and the environment eventually causing health hazards to human and the animal. The fate of herbicide in soil and other matrix depends on various physiochemical processes. The safety of food and associated health concerns for humans and animals is related to acceptable daily intake (ADI), not to the MRL, which is a legal permissible level of a herbicide. In general, after herbicide application, residues are reported in soil and plants during the crop growth period as well as at maturity. However, there is still lack of sufficient data on long-term ecological impacts, herbicide persistence, and residue interactions with ecosystems. Herbicide residues of 2,4-D, alachlor, acetochlor, atrazine, ametryn, butachlor, bentazone, clomazone, diuron, hexazinone, desethylatrazine, dimethoate, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, imazethapyr, isoproturon, linuron, metolachlor mecoprop, metribuzin, molinate, pendimethalin, pretilachlor, propanil, propazine, simazine, tebuthiuron, trifluralin, terbumeton, terbutryn, terbuthylazine, etc. along with some metabolites were detected in several water samples of Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, China, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, the United States, Vietnam, etc. Disturbance of sensitive marine ecosystems due to herbicide residues in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon is also reported. For decontamination of herbicides from various matrix, selection or design of a suitable method requires a full understanding of the physicochemical properties of herbicides. Several herbicide residues can be removed by organic adsorbing materials such as activated carbon, activated charcoal, biochar, nanoorganic materials, carbon nanoparticles organoclays, and bioadsorbents. Since in future, the herbicide use is further likely to increase; therefore, herbicide residue problems will be more frequent and may have increased implications for human health and environment. Therefore, cutting-edge residue monitoring technologies, regional persistence studies, and microbial interventions are needed to optimize herbicide residues and associated adverse consequences. Besides, this, the integrated approach of cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological weed control practices should be adopted as a long-term weed management strategy to avoid any suspected ill effects of herbicide residues on the environment and other living organisms.

Herbicide Residues: Environmental Fate and Impact on Food Safety

章节
发表日期：

2025年

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Shobha Sondhia

摘要

Globally, herbicides constitute about 47% of the crop protection market. Frequent and non-judicial use leads to residues, persistence, phytotoxicity, and adverse consequences on subsequent crops, non-target organisms, and the environment eventually causing health hazards to human and the animal. The fate of herbicide in soil and other matrix depends on various physiochemical processes. The safety of food and associated health concerns for humans and animals is related to acceptable daily intake (ADI), not to the MRL, which is a legal permissible level of a herbicide. In general, after herbicide application, residues are reported in soil and plants during the crop growth period as well as at maturity. However, there is still lack of sufficient data on long-term ecological impacts, herbicide persistence, and residue interactions with ecosystems. Herbicide residues of 2,4-D, alachlor, acetochlor, atrazine, ametryn, butachlor, bentazone, clomazone, diuron, hexazinone, desethylatrazine, dimethoate, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, imazethapyr, isoproturon, linuron, metolachlor mecoprop, metribuzin, molinate, pendimethalin, pretilachlor, propanil, propazine, simazine, tebuthiuron, trifluralin, terbumeton, terbutryn, terbuthylazine, etc. along with some metabolites were detected in several water samples of Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, China, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, the United States, Vietnam, etc. Disturbance of sensitive marine ecosystems due to herbicide residues in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon is also reported. For decontamination of herbicides from various matrix, selection or design of a suitable method requires a full understanding of the physicochemical properties of herbicides. Several herbicide residues can be removed by organic adsorbing materials such as activated carbon, activated charcoal, biochar, nanoorganic materials, carbon nanoparticles organoclays, and bioadsorbents. Since in future, the herbicide use is further likely to increase; therefore, herbicide residue problems will be more frequent and may have increased implications for human health and environment. Therefore, cutting-edge residue monitoring technologies, regional persistence studies, and microbial interventions are needed to optimize herbicide residues and associated adverse consequences. Besides, this, the integrated approach of cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological weed control practices should be adopted as a long-term weed management strategy to avoid any suspected ill effects of herbicide residues on the environment and other living organisms.