Aquaculture in Nigeria has experienced significant growth in recent years, contributing substantially to the economy and food security. However, disease outbreaks pose a major threat, impacting productivity and sustainability. The paper reviews prevalent diseases affecting key aquaculture species such as tilapia, catfish, and shrimp, emphasizing the economic losses incurred and the ecological implications. It discusses traditional approaches such as antibiotics and vaccines, alongside emerging methods including probiotics, immunostimulants, and genetic selection for disease resistance. Furthermore, the abstract examines the role of enhanced biosecurity measures and environmental management practices in preventing disease outbreaks. It underscores the importance of education and training for aquaculturists to implement effective disease surveillance and control strategies.