The nervous system represents the most intricate system within the human body, characterized by processes that are distinct from those governing other systems. In 1 min, millions of information pieces pass through neurons and the nervous system processes the information to produce the required responses, and thus voluntary or involuntary body functions are performed. Any impairment in the nervous system can disrupt the communication between the brain and peripheral organs, leading to consequences that significantly impact daily life. Mechanical, thermal, chemical, or ischemic damage that may occur in the nervous system is mostly caused by traumatic accidents or some degenerative disorders and may cause a decrease or complete loss of neural functions. Among the various strategies employed to address peripheral nerve injuries, the use of hydrogels has gained attention. The success rates of the therapy depend on the extent of the damage. This section discusses the structure of the nervous system, treatment methods used after injuries that may occur in the nervous system, and the properties of the hydrogels applied in the nerve treatments.