The ground improvement techniques per se have not changed over many decades. The techniques used in the industry fall under one of the three categories: (i) consolidation, (ii) forming of load supporting columns (or combinations of (i) and (ii)), (iii) compaction. Equipment developments however did progress considerably in the last 2 decades. These developments allowed improvement of the products in areas of quality, cost, time and offer solutions for difficult conditions which previously were not, or only with costly efforts being able to be resolved, due to limitations in the capability of the equipment. This paper will report about the equipment and technique improvements under category (ii) above. The load supporting columns referred to are stone columns, wet deep soil cement mix columns and full displacement columns (also known as rigid inclusions). For each of the products a very brief historical recap is advanced, and the basic technical principles for the type of column is explained for better understanding of the advancements made. At the end of each chapter there will be reference to a project on which the technique was used. Stone Columns construction (SC) refers to the Hong Kong Boundary Facility project (marine) which involved the use of gravel pumps and the pressure chamber injection system for the installation of the SC. The deep wet soil cement mixing (DCM) refers to the 3rd Runway Project in Hong Kong which required the installation of large diameter DCM elements with cross-sectional areas of up to 6 m2 into depths of 40 m. Both Hong Kong projects needed to be partially carried out in headroom-restricted conditions as a requirement of the Airport Aviation Department. Rigid inclusions are referred to the extension of the Soekarno Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia where the technique was applied successfully.

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Advancement in Ground Improvement Techniques for the Construction of Load Supporting Columns in Soft Soils

  • Thomas Domanski

摘要

The ground improvement techniques per se have not changed over many decades. The techniques used in the industry fall under one of the three categories: (i) consolidation, (ii) forming of load supporting columns (or combinations of (i) and (ii)), (iii) compaction. Equipment developments however did progress considerably in the last 2 decades. These developments allowed improvement of the products in areas of quality, cost, time and offer solutions for difficult conditions which previously were not, or only with costly efforts being able to be resolved, due to limitations in the capability of the equipment. This paper will report about the equipment and technique improvements under category (ii) above. The load supporting columns referred to are stone columns, wet deep soil cement mix columns and full displacement columns (also known as rigid inclusions). For each of the products a very brief historical recap is advanced, and the basic technical principles for the type of column is explained for better understanding of the advancements made. At the end of each chapter there will be reference to a project on which the technique was used. Stone Columns construction (SC) refers to the Hong Kong Boundary Facility project (marine) which involved the use of gravel pumps and the pressure chamber injection system for the installation of the SC. The deep wet soil cement mixing (DCM) refers to the 3rd Runway Project in Hong Kong which required the installation of large diameter DCM elements with cross-sectional areas of up to 6 m2 into depths of 40 m. Both Hong Kong projects needed to be partially carried out in headroom-restricted conditions as a requirement of the Airport Aviation Department. Rigid inclusions are referred to the extension of the Soekarno Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia where the technique was applied successfully.