This chapter discusses mortality and risk assessment considerations for neurological conditions, starting with cerebrovascular diseases. Mortality of ischemic stroke survivors is influenced by the mechanism of the initial stroke, as cardioembolic strokes have higher ongoing mortality than large vessel disease and lacunar strokes; advanced age and lower socioeconomic status are also associated with increased ongoing mortality. Intracerebral hemorrhage survivors have increased persistent mortality, which is further elevated with older age, anticoagulant use, uncontrolled hypertension, large hemorrhage volume, and uncontrolled vascular risk factors. Survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have higher ongoing mortality if severely disabled after 1 year post hemorrhage, older age, require shunting, have seizures, or had surgical clipping of the aneurysm. Mortality of those with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is related to the hemorrhage risk, which increases with younger age, deep location of AVM, multiple AVMs, or associated aneurysms present. Epilepsy patients have increased mortality, which is further elevated among children and young adults, those with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, seizures resistant to antiseizure medications, or seizures due to structural brain lesions. Patients with Parkinson’s disease have higher ongoing mortality, which is elevated further among those with longer duration of disease, dementia, severe orthostasis, or with Parkinson plus syndromes. Multiple sclerosis patients have elevated mortality, which is further increased with older age of disease onset, progressive disease, and for females. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) survivors have higher ongoing mortality for about 4 years, which is further elevated for those older than 60, intubation required during hospitalization, or axonal degeneration on nerve studies. Mortality of myasthenia gravis is increased with older age of disease onset, presence of thymoma, MuSK antibodies, and frequent myasthenic crises. Mortality with severe traumatic brain injury is increased for injury over 35 years old, poor functional status post injury, posttraumatic epilepsy, poor general health, and persistent dangerous behaviors. Mortality considerations are addressed for several other neurological conditions, including migraine with aura, cerebral palsy, pediatric hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and muscular dystrophies.