Desertification of lands can be caused by both natural factors—climate aridization, and human activity. Studying the state of lands in the Rostov region, in particular agricultural lands, will have a positive effect on further forecasting of land use and more rational and effective maintenance of the required level of the state of the territories. The object of the study is agricultural territories of the south-eastern districts of the Rostov region. Assessment of vegetation dynamics is a key aspect of the analysis of desertification processes. It includes both an integrated approach and the use of various methods and technologies. Monitoring of areas subject to desertification is based on the use of Earth remote sensing (ERS) data and geoinformation technologies. It tracks changes in the state of vegetation and soil cover, as well as water resources. Vegetation indices based on spectral characteristics and geoinformation analysis methods (Detection of changes) were used to analyze aridization processes based on satellite data.