Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood and income in Africa. However, African agriculture and food systems are going through a crisis that requires urgent attention and intervention. Underpinned by a review of grey secondary sources, this chapter provides an overview of the condition of African agriculture and food systems. This is achieved by examining the conditions of African agriculture, food security, and food systems. The chapter then discusses prospects for sustainable agriculture and explores pathways to sustainable agriculture in Africa. It shows that despite the ubiquity of arable land, Africa remains unable to produce adequate food to feed its growing population. Its performance is undermined by vulnerability to climate change, wars and conflicts, underinvestment, rapid population increase, hyperinflation, and poor policies, which have compromised agricultural production and food system effectiveness. African agriculture and food systems are also affected by poor technological inputs, low production, a traditional farming system, insufficient credit services and facilities, inadequate infrastructure, and market instability. The result has been widespread food insecurity across countries, often manifesting through malnutrition, wasting of children, obesity, and anaemia among women. Africa should utilise the drivers of change, including policy reform, technological innovation, and capacity-building, to foster resilient and sustainable food systems.