By the end of the third century BCE, the aediles of Rome exercised significant authority over the city's marketplaces, enforcing commercial regulations through fines and corporal punishment. Their role ensured both quality control of goods and the proper use of standardized weights and measures. The question of when the aediles assumed control over the Roman marketplace remains a subject of debate. Some scholars argue that their oversight originated in the archaic period as an extension of their duties at the temple of Ceres, where they regulated merchants attending periodic festivals (Drummond 1989; Jakab 1997; Becker 2017). Others propose that this responsibility emerged from their role in securing the grain supply, with the monitoring of grain imports and sales evolving into broader marketplace supervision (Daguet-Gagey 2016). An alternative perspective suggests that the aediles assumed this function in the late third century BCE, coinciding with Rome’s expansion as a key commercial hub in the Mediterranean. During this period, marketplace oversight increasingly emphasized standardization, both in quantitative terms (weights and measures) and qualitative terms (product quality). The influence of Greek commercial administration, particularly the agoranomoi of the eastern Mediterranean, may have contributed to these developments, as knowledge of their regulatory practices was introduced to Rome through foreign and Roman traders. This chapter is structured into three sections. The first examines the development of the aedileship from its early republican origins to its assumption of commercial oversight in the late third century BCE. This section also compares the marketplace responsibilities of the aediles with those of the Greek agoranomoi, incorporating epigraphic evidence for the latter (IG V, 1 1390; ID 509, 12–43; I.Erythrai 15). The second section surveys the evidence for Rome’s increasing economic activity in the third century BCE and its expanding role in the trade networks linking Italy, Sicily, and the Greek world. The construction in Rome of a macellum, modeled on Greek examples, illustrates how commercial structures and regulatory practices were influenced by external trade connections. It is argued that the concept of the agoranomoi was transmitted through these networks and that the aediles adopted aspects of this model in response to the expectations of traders and market participants who sought regulatory enforcement. The final section contrasts the non-economic responsibilities of the aediles and agoranomoi, demonstrating that while the adoption of marketplace oversight expanded the aedileship, it did not fundamentally alter its nature. Unlike the agoranomoi, whose role was primarily administrative, the aediles operated within a Roman framework that emphasized moral responsibility. Their interventions in the marketplace were perceived as measures to uphold public morality by punishing dishonest practices. This moral dimension contributed to the standardization of commerce in Rome, particularly through the issuance of aedilician edicts, and further integrated the city into the wider Mediterranean economic system.