The TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) method is the preferred technique for constructing large, deeply buried tunnels. During construction, the boring machine and its accompanying equipment occupy most of the space at the work face, leading to a significant mismatch with conventional monitoring methods. This paper discusses the development of monitoring equipment based on fiber optic sensing technology, suitable for measuring multiple physical parameters such as deformation and stress in the surrounding rock of TBM tunnels. Field experiments conducted in a deeply buried long tunnel in North Xinjiang demonstrated that the deformation of the surrounding rock due to excavation disturbance was minimal, and the stress in the anchor rods was far below the yield strength of the rods, indicating a significant safety reserve. By integrating the theory of the neutral point in anchor rods, the thickness of the loosened surrounding rock circle was estimated to be approximately 1.3 m to 1.8 m, revealing patterns undetectable by conventional monitoring methods. Comparison with numerical calculation results confirmed the applicability of multi-parameter distributed continuous monitoring technology in TBM tunnels.