This chapter examines migration processes along the Colombian–Ecuadorian border, a territory historically marked by conflict, inequality, and fragile state presence. Using a qualitative approach and fieldwork conducted between 2020 and 2024, the authors analyze how forced displacement, criminal economies, and ethnic exclusion shape cross-border mobility and humanitarian crises in Nariño, Colombia. The study highlights the resilience of local and ethnic communities—Afro-descendant and Indigenous—in defending their rights and promoting peace amid violence and institutional weakness. It discusses the challenges of implementing Colombia’s Total Peace policy, the limits of decentralization, and the persistence of armed groups. The chapter concludes by advocating for a binational governance framework that strengthens territorial peace, protects migrants’ rights, and integrates local actors into decision-making, emphasizing that sustainable peace in the border region depends on social justice, inclusive development, and inter-institutional cooperation.