Ensuring food security and eradicating hunger are essential for global sustainable development. However, climate change has made food production increasingly difficult. In recent decades, extreme weather events like heat waves, moisture stress, and heavy rainfall have significantly impacted agriculture. Nanotechnology has become a critical tool in addressing these challenges, offering innovative solutions through the development and optimization of nanomaterials. These nanomaterials, with their small size, unique optical properties, and high surface-to-volume ratio, are promising for enhancing plant growth, protecting crops, and boosting productivity. Nanoparticles such as silica, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver, and silicon have shown effectiveness in improving crop yields under adverse conditions. Despite these advancements, the use of nanomaterials in sustainable agriculture and crop protection is still emerging. This chapter delves into how nanomaterials can mitigate abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, salinity, cold stress, biotic stress, and even contribute to CO2 capture, thereby offering a pathway towards sustainable agricultural practices amidst climate change challenges.