In this critical period of global climate change and unprecedented land degradation, it is essential to utilize new technologies to increase food production and avoid a food crisis among the fast-growing population. Crops are a vital food source for human sustenance and in making the world food secure. Applications of biotechnology and modern techniques are indispensable, therefore application of nanotechnology to complement other crop improvement strategies for sustainable agriculture is highly desirable. Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular due to its multifaceted applications across several fields, particularly in the production of climate-resilient smart crops. It provides innovative tools with precision at the molecular level to induce targeted mutations. Nanoparticles have been identified as efficient vehicles for gene transfer and site-specific genome manipulations and have been applied in genome editing, making them a versatile tool for imparting resilience to plants and fortifying them against abiotic stress factors. This chapter examines the various applications of nanotechnology-based mutation breeding in crop improvement programs, highlighting the efficiency of nanomaterials in enhancing plant resilience to abiotic stress. Furthermore, the chapter provides an evaluation of recent advancements and research efforts in nanotechnology-based mutation breeding. It offers valuable insights into the technology’s transformative role in addressing challenges posed by abiotic stress in present-day agriculture. Consequently, providing insight into how nanotechnology can improve mutation breeding strategies, ultimately increasing the resilience of crops facing abiotic stressors, while consideration is given to environmental and ethical concerns surrounding the technology.