The increasing scarcity of drinkable water and rising pollution levels have led to the rapid development of effective methods for treating water contaminants. POPs are particularly concerning among various pollutants due to their robust chemical nature, high toxicity, and aquatic endurance. AOPs have emerged as a promising solution for degrading such pollutants by mineralizing them into CO2, H2O, and inorganic ions. Key AOPs include photocatalysis, sonocatalysis, electrochemical oxidation, and Fenton and Fenton-like processes. However, challenges such as high capital costs and significant energy demands limit their broader application. AOPs depend not only on transition metal-based catalysts but also on carbon-based materials, reducing the application cost. Carbon-based materials in pristine form or as hybrids have high surface area, providing anchoring sites for transition metals and tolerating harsh chemical environments, which lowers toxicity while increasing biocompatibility. Thus, this chapter offers insights into the mechanism of action of different carbon-based materials to facilitate the development of new carbon-based materials and hybrids. This leads to advancements in water treatment technologies, emphasizing the potential of EAOPs for large-scale implementation and commercialization.