This contribution provides a concise overview of the institutional framework governing the principles of equal treatment and non-discrimination, established at European, and national level, tracing briefly the developments and their evolution over the past two decades. It emphasises the crucial role of national equality bodies, both in addressing discrimination (through preventive, mediating, deterrent, and repressive measures) and in providing essential feedback to enhance the tools and strategies used to achieve meaningful results. With regard to practical implementation of equal treatment legislation the contribution focuses on discrimination issues as drawn on the experience and practice of the national equality body in Greece, i.e. the Ombudsman. The discrimination issues presented are categorised according to the grounds covered by national legislation, namely: gender, ethnic or racial origin, religious or other beliefs, disability or chronic illness, age, social or family status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or gender characteristics. Within these specific thematic areas, trends in reporting for each ground of discrimination are highlighted, along with gaps in protection, as well as structural or procedural challenges that arise in addressing violations. The chapter also identifies weaknesses in institutional safeguards, highlights the significance of prevention policies and social dialogue, and emphasises the importance of coordination in achieving meaningful progress in combatting the complexity of the ways and forms in which discrimination manifests itself.